精品欧美无遮挡一区二区三区在线观看,中文字幕一区二区日韩欧美,久久久久国色αv免费观看,亚洲熟女乱综合一区二区三区

        ? 首頁 ? 理論教育 ?與異同比較

        與異同比較

        時間:2023-03-31 理論教育 版權(quán)反饋
        【摘要】:第四節(jié) Because與For異同比較關(guān)于because與for的用法與意義,中外學(xué)者已作了不少論述。其用法與because不盡相同,但可以交替使用。表示原因的because分句側(cè)重于直接陳述這個原因,而表示理由的because分句則側(cè)重于推測與判斷主句的行為或情狀,即主句所傳達(dá)的信息。說話人使用這一意義的because分句是為了證明自己并非空口無憑,而是言之有據(jù)。但是,在現(xiàn)代英語中由于for與because在

        第四節(jié) Because與For異同比較

        關(guān)于because與for的用法與意義,中外學(xué)者已作了不少論述。本節(jié)從信息的角度,就它們的語義、使用范圍、連接功能等方面的異同進(jìn)行了比較分析與探討。

        一、語義

        1.表示原因(cause)

        Because引導(dǎo)的分句表示導(dǎo)致主句動作或情狀產(chǎn)生的自然的、直接的、真正的原因。主句與分句之間有必然的因果關(guān)系,故通常譯為“因?yàn)椤薄ⅰ?之所以……)原因是”等意義。如:

        ①The day breaks because the sun is rising.

        ②The river has risen,because it has rained much of late.

        對for表示直接原因的用法,有學(xué)者持有異議。錢歌川先生就說過,for并不成其原因,只是一種理由而已。但Cuarme曾告誡過人們:“不能隨便得出結(jié)論說for不表示原因?!蓖ㄟ^很多例證表明,for有時也可表示直接原因。它所引述的分句表示前一分句內(nèi)容的直接原因(即為某一事實(shí)說明原因)時,前后兩個分句含有一種緊密的、必然的因果關(guān)系,一般也可譯為“因?yàn)椤钡取F溆梅ㄅcbecause不盡相同,但可以交替使用。請看例證:

        ③She was not helpless for(because)she had money of her own.

        ④She was angry,for(because)she didn't know now French.

        ⑤I must be off now,for(because)my sister is expecting me.

        上述例證表明,for連接的分句所表示因果關(guān)系的表現(xiàn)方法同樣是據(jù)果索因,即前一分句表示結(jié)果,后一分句表示原因。因此,例⑤可釋義為:My sister is expecting me,(and)so I must be off now.

        2.表示理由(reason)

        Because分句在表示理由時同表示原因一樣,與主句有因果關(guān)系,并且可以直接回答why起首的提問。表示原因的because分句側(cè)重于直接陳述這個原因,而表示理由的because分句則側(cè)重于推測與判斷主句的行為或情狀,即主句所傳達(dá)的信息。故可譯為“因?yàn)椤薄ⅰ坝捎凇?,?dāng)然也可不譯,如:

        ⑥He must have passed this way,because there is no other road.

        ⑦He could not have seen me,because I was not there.

        For分句表示的理由說明前一分句的內(nèi)容或在邏輯上對前一分句進(jìn)行推理,常常是陳述過某種情況后,再過渡到陳述另一種情況,后一種情況可能是說話人補(bǔ)充的“原因”,也可能是他追加的“理由”,前后分句中蘊(yùn)含著一定的因果關(guān)系,同樣可用原因意義詞來譯,也可不譯出。如:

        ⑧The old lady doesn't go out in the Winter,for she feels the cold a great deal.

        ⑨He took the food eagerly,for he had had nothing since dawn.

        3.表示依據(jù)(Basis)

        Because分句還可以為主句提供依據(jù)。說話人使用這一意義的because分句是為了證明自己并非空口無憑,而是言之有據(jù)。這種用法見于正式文體。例如:

        ⑩He's drunk,because I saw him staggering.

        img2She paid for the book,because I saw her.

        有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,這類because分句與主句之間隱含著表示講話的動詞和主語I,屬語體外加語(style disjuncts)。如果because分句之前隱含的依據(jù)語項(xiàng)補(bǔ)充出來,應(yīng)為:and I know it,and I am sure of it,and I am convinced of it,and the proof is(that),and I claim it/that等,故例⑩可釋義為:He's drunk,and I claim this because I saw him.由于這類because分句與主句之間含著“解釋”或“推論”語項(xiàng),兩者之間沒有因果關(guān)系,因此一般不直接用原因概念詞來翻譯,例⑩可譯為:他喝醉了,(我這么說的根據(jù)是)我看見他走路搖搖晃晃的。例img3譯文為:那本書她付了款的,(我之所以這么說是因?yàn)?我看見她付的。

        For分句表示依據(jù)時通常是為前一分句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容提供解釋或判斷,其目的在于增加所言之事的可信度或正確性。所謂判斷性,即前一句往往是表示一種推測,因此謂語動詞常含有情態(tài)動詞must;后一分句并不產(chǎn)生前一分句內(nèi)容的直接原因,而僅是對前一分句補(bǔ)充說明理由或推斷原因。例如:

        img4It must be very late,for the street are quite deserted.

        img5It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning.

        img6中for分句并不是為“天已很晚”這一事實(shí)說明原因,而是為說話人為何作此推斷提供理由;我之所以作此推斷,是因?yàn)榻稚弦呀?jīng)沒有行人了,相當(dāng)于:It must be very late,and I claim it for the street are quite deserted.

        所謂解釋性,即for分句用來對前一分句中的事實(shí)或看法作解釋,比如:

        img7They apparently have a good drainage system,for the street never seem to flood after a downpour.

        img8It is morning for the birds are singing.

        很多人認(rèn)為,當(dāng)for分句對前一分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷,for就不能為because所替代。但是,在現(xiàn)代英語中由于for與because在使用時的區(qū)別越來越小,而for又很少用于口語中,所以有的中外學(xué)者認(rèn)為,就是在這類用法中,for也可改為because。其典型的例證有:

        img9They've lit fire,for/because I can see the smoke rising.(GCE)=They've lit a fire,and I claim that for/because I can see the smoke rising.

        二、使用范圍與信息

        1.Because比for常用

        章振邦教授在《新編英語語法教程》學(xué)生用書中指出,for與because的用法基本相同,只是because比for語勢較強(qiáng)。在當(dāng)代英語中,凡是for與because可互換的場合,常以用because為多,因?yàn)閒or分句常見于正式語體,在非正式語體中(尤其是口語中)for分句往往帶有書卷氣。

        2.Because比for具有強(qiáng)調(diào)性

        盡管because與for可交替使用,但because通常具有新信息(New information)性質(zhì)。從句表示的原因一般是發(fā)話者認(rèn)為受話者不知道的內(nèi)容。因此,在很多情況下,because與for均不能交替使用。

        回答why起首的問句只能用because不可用for。例如,下述例img10的對話中,B中的because分句傳遞的是新信息,它是語義重點(diǎn)所在,因而占據(jù)了語義中心的位置。因此,例img11也是合理的:

        img12

        A1:Why did you come so late?

        B1:I came late because I was held up by bad weather.

        A2:Why did you come so late?

        B2:Because I was held up by bad weather.

        用作分裂句(cleft sentence)中的中心成分(focus element)時,只能用because。例如:

        img13It is because he sat up all night with the patient that the doctor looks tired and sleepy.

        Because前可用only,just,chiefly,simply,mainly,partly等強(qiáng)調(diào)性修飾語和否定詞not以及具有強(qiáng)調(diào)意義并列連詞not...but,either...or,而for前則不可以。例如:

        img14She didn't want to go to Africa,probably because the weather is too hot.

        img15Don't do anything simply because other people are doing it.

        img16I'm going on a trip tomorrow,because I have to,not because I want to.

        用作疑問句的中心詞或引導(dǎo)表語分句時,只能用because。比如:

        img17Do you despise him because he is poor?

        img18The reason for the boy to behave like that is because he was spoiled by his parents.

        上述分析表明,because的使用范圍比for廣。但是,當(dāng)because分句表示依據(jù)時,尤其是以主語的內(nèi)容提供解釋或判斷時,這類分句與for分句一樣既不能用以回答why的問句,也不能在because之前用強(qiáng)調(diào)性的修飾語和否定詞not以及具有強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的并列連詞。其原因在于這類because分句是為主句提供依據(jù)或?qū)χ骶鋬?nèi)容加以解釋或推斷,屬一種附加信息(extra information),處于次要信息地位。

        三、位置比較

        Because連接的復(fù)合句所表示的因果關(guān)系,可以是“據(jù)因索果”,也可以是“由因推果”。所以它引導(dǎo)的分句在前后均可。例如:

        img19Because I had something to tell him,I went to see him.(or:I went to see him,because I had something to tell him.)

        For分句只能后置不能前放,因?yàn)閒or所連接的兩個分句只能是一種順序排列。例img20中的because若換成for,只能是:I went to see him,for I had something to tell him.決不可寫成:For I had something to tell him,I went to see him.

        表示原因的for單獨(dú)成句時可以置于句首,但這并不意味著它所引導(dǎo)的原因句在前,結(jié)果句跟其之后;而是把for所引導(dǎo)的全句跟前文相接,表示所說內(nèi)容是前文的原因,從而與上文構(gòu)成邏輯意義上的因果關(guān)系。For的這類用法屬于正式語體,通常出現(xiàn)在文學(xué)體裁中。because分句,除了省略句或回答Why問句外,通常不能以獨(dú)立句形式單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)。例如

        img21The men's and the women's shops are indistinguishable from each other.For the girls'shop windows display masculine shirts,while the men's windows are full of scarlet mini-underpants.(G.C.E)

        img22The vast majority of the competitions will be well content just to walk round at their own pace,stopping for rest or refreshment as required,and finishing in good order.For it's a long day's by anybody's standards,and there is much to be said for enjoying scenery at the same time.(G.C.E)

        img23When I saw her in the river,I was frightened.For at that point the currents were dangerous.

        For有時還可以引起一個原因分句,作為一個插入分句(parenthetic clause)插入句中。而because分句則不可以,例如:

        img24Tom bought a chain,one of silver gilt,certainly,for he had not the money for gold one,but of very pretty workmanship.

        img25Under the Party's guidance,for his mother was a widow,he received a good education.

        四、從屬連詞與準(zhǔn)并列連詞

        眾所周知,because是一個從屬連詞(subordinator)引導(dǎo)的是一個從屬分句(subordinate clause)。對for來說,中外學(xué)者持有不同意見。多數(shù)語法家認(rèn)為for是并列連詞(coordinator),少數(shù)人認(rèn)為是從屬連詞,還有一些語法學(xué)家認(rèn)為for是介于兩者之間。Quirk等在A Grammar of Contemporary English中認(rèn)為for是從屬連詞。張道真先生在《A New English Grammar(1983)》與A New English Grammar(修訂本,1989)中將for作為并列連詞處理并也提出了它介于從屬連詞與并列連詞之間的觀點(diǎn),但在《新編英語語法教程》(第二版,1995)中,他們又將for作為從屬連詞。For與because的語義基本相同,從而接近于從屬連詞。For具有并列連詞特征主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:

        1.For單獨(dú)成句時能像并列連詞and,but一樣引導(dǎo)一個獨(dú)立分句,為上文陳述的情況說明原因或提供理由

        比如:上述例img26img27img28。又如:

        img29Ship companies sent out agents to try to get people to emigrate paying a“bounty”or commission on each passenger the agents brought in.For the greedy ship owners saw a chance to make a handsome profit out of carrying the immigrants.

        2.正因?yàn)閒or具有并列連詞的某些特征,所以當(dāng)它連接兩個分句時,按照正式書寫規(guī)定通常要在for分句之前用逗號隔開,有時甚至還可以用冒號或破折號

        img30We must start early:for we have a long way to go.(LDCE)

        img31I decided to stop and have lunch—for I was feeling quite hungry.(Swan)

        3.For像其他并列連詞一樣,其前不可用其他并列連詞連接。由于because是從屬連詞,所以它前可用并列連詞and,not...but,either...or連接

        例如:

        img32He wouldn't do it and(all)because I didn't ask him in person.(GCE)

        img33He didn't attend the meeting,not because he thought it was unimportant,but because he had too much work to do.

        img34Some people can dress in forty minutes,others will take an hour and a half,either because they have not adopted the invariable order or because they hesitate before decisions...

        上述論證證明,for是介于從屬連詞與并列連詞之間的一種連接詞。Quirk等人在A Grammar of Contemporary English中提出了如下六條判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)一步論證了for接近于這兩者之間:

        1)固定在它的分句之前;

        2)以它開頭的分句固定在它有關(guān)的前一分句之后,因此不可移到這個分句之前的位置上面。它的前面不允許有連詞;

        3)如果分句的主語與前一個相連接的分句的主語互參,那么這個分句的主語就可以省略;

        4)它可以連接從屬分句;

        5)它可以連接兩個以上的分句。

        在這種情況下,只需保留最后一個連接項(xiàng),其他都能省略。通過檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),for只符合前三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而不符合后三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此,傳統(tǒng)上不把for包括在并列連詞內(nèi)的分法是有道理的;然而for又不可連接兩個分句,同樣有足夠的理由把它包括在并列連詞一類中。因此,給for定義為“準(zhǔn)并列連詞(quasi-coordinator)”比較恰當(dāng)。

        免責(zé)聲明:以上內(nèi)容源自網(wǎng)絡(luò),版權(quán)歸原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原創(chuàng)版權(quán)請告知,我們將盡快刪除相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

        我要反饋